1. National Center for Health Statistics. National Ambulatory Medicine Care Survey. Available at: www.cdc.gov/nchs/about/major/ahcd/ahcd1.htm .
2. Schaaf VM, Perez-Stable EJ, Borchardt K. The limited value of symptoms and signs in the diagnosis of vaginal infections. Arch Intern Med 1990;150:1929-1933.
3. Wiesenfeld HC, Macio I. The infrequent use of officebased diagnostic tests for vaginitis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999;181:39-41.
4. Berg AO, Heidrich FE, Fihn SD, et al. Establishing the cause of genitourinary symptoms in women in a family practice. Comparison of clinical examination and comprehensive microbiology. JAMA 1984;251:620-625.
5. Sobel JD. Vaginitis. N Engl J Med 1997;337:1896-1903.
6. Sellors JW, Walter SD, Howard M. A new visual indicator of chlamydial cervicitis? Sex Transm Infect 2000;76:46-48.
7. Manhart LE, Critchlow CW, Holmes KK, et al. Mucopurulent cervicitis and Mycoplasma genitalium. J Infect Dis 2003;187:650-657.
8. Martin HL, Richardson BA, Nyange PM, et al. Vaginal lactobacilli, microbial flora, and risk of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and sexually transmitted disease acquisition. J Infect Dis 1999;180:1863-1868.
9. Hillier SL. The vaginal microbial ecosystem and resistance to HIV. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1998;14Suppl 1:S17-21.
10. Hawes SE, Hillier SL, Benedetti J, et al. Hydrogenperoxide-producing lactobacilli and acquisition of vaginal infections. J Infect Dis 1996;174:1058-1063.
11. Nugent RP, Krohn MA, Hillier SL. Reliability of diagnosing bacterial vaginosis is improved by a standardized method of gram stain interpretation. JClin Microbiol 1991;29:297-301.
12. Quan M. Vaginitis: meeting the clinical challenge. Clin Cornerstone 2000;3:36-47.
13. Amsel R, Totten PA, Spiegel CA, Chen KC, Eschenbach D, Holmes KK. Nonspecific vaginitis. Diagnostic criteria and microbial and epidemiologic associations. Am J Med 1983;74:14-22.
14. Schwebke JR, Hillier SL, Sobel JD, McGregor JA, Sweet RL. Validity of the vaginal gram stain for the diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis. ObstetGynecol 1996;88:573-576.
15. Thomason JL, Gelbart SM, Anderson RJ, Walt AK, Osypowski PJ, Broekhuizen FF. Statistical evaluation of diagnostic criteria for bacterial vaginosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1990;162:155-160.
16. Erkkola R, Jarvinen H, Terho P, Meurman O. Microbial flora in women showing symptoms of nonspecific vaginosis: applicability of KOH test for diagnosis. Scand J Infect Dis Suppl. 1983;40:59-63.
17. Caillouette JC, Sharp CF, Jr, Zimmerman GJ, Roy S. Vaginal pH as a marker for bacterial pathogens and menopausal status. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1997;176:1270-1275discussion1275-1277.
18. Carr PL, Felsenstein D, Friedman RH. Evaluation and management of vaginitis. J Gen Intern Med 1998;13:335-346.
19. Eschenbach DA, Hillier S, Critchlow C, Stevens C, DeRouen T, Holmes KK. Diagnosis and clinical manifestations of bacterial vaginosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1988;158:819-828.
20. Sheiness D, Dix K, Watanabe S, Hillier SL. Highlevels of Gardnerella vaginalis detected with an oligonucleotide probe combined with elevated pH as a diagnostic indicator of bacterial vaginosis. J Clin Microbiol 1992;30:642-648.
21. Thomason JL, Gelbart SM, James JA, Edwards JM, Hamilton PR. Is analysis of vaginal secretions for volatile organic acids to detect bacterial vaginosis of any diagnostic value? Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1988;159:1509-1511.
22. Thomason JL, Gelbart SM, Wilcoski LM, Peterson AK, Jilly BJ, Hamilton PR. Proline aminopeptidase activity as a rapid diagnostic test to confirm bacterial vaginosis. Obstet Gynecol 1988;71:607-611.
23. Rein MF, Shih LM, Miller JR, Guerrant RL. Use of a lactoferrin assay in the differential diagnosis of female genital tract infections and implications for the pathophysiology of bacterial vaginosis. Sex Transm Dis 1996;23:517-521.
24. Monif GR. Classification and pathogenesis of vulvovaginal candidiasis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1985;152:935-939.
25. Giraldo P, von Nowaskonski A, Gomes FA, Linhares I, Neves NA, Witkin SS. Vaginal colonization by Candida in asymptomatic women with and without a history of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis. Obstet Gynecol 2000;95:413-416.
26. Bergman JJ, Berg AO. How useful are symptoms in the diagnosis of Candida vaginitis? J Fam Pract 1983;16:509-511.
27. Bro F. Patients with vaginal discharge in general practice. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1989;68:41-43.
28. Eckert LO, Hawes SE, Stevens CE, Koutsky LA, Eschenbach DA, Holmes KK. Vulvovaginal candidiasis: clinical manifestations, risk factors, management algorithm. Obstet Gynecol 1998;92:757-765.
29. Bertholf ME, Stafford MJ. Colonization of Candida albicans in vagina, rectum, and mouth. J Fam Pract 1983;16:919-924.
30. Reed BD, Huck W, Zazove P. Differentiation of Gardnerella vaginalis, Candida albicans, and Trichomonas vaginalis infections of the vagina. J Fam Pract 1989;28:673-680.
31. Bro F. The diagnosis of candida vaginitis in general practice. Scand J Prim Health Care 1989;7:19-22.
32. Cotch MF, Hillier SL, Gibbs RS, Eschenbach DA. Epidemiology and outcomes associated with moderate to heavy Candida colonization during pregnancy. Vaginal Infections and Prematurity Study Group. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998;178:374-380.
33. Pagano R. Vulvar vestibulitis syndrome: an often unrecognized cause of dyspareunia. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 1999;39:79-83.
34. Foxman B. The epidemiology of vulvovaginal candidiasis: risk factors. Am J Public Health 1990;80:329-331.
35. Geiger AM, Foxman B. Risk factors for vulvovaginal candidiasis: a case-control study among university students. Epidemiology 1996;7:182-187.
36. Sobel JD, Faro S, Force RW, et al. Vulvovaginal candidiasis: epidemiologic, diagnostic, and therapeutic considerations. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998;178:203-211.
37. Spinillo A, Capuzzo E, Acciano S, De Santolo A, Zara F. Effect of antibiotic use on the prevalence of symptomatic vulvovaginal candidiasis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999;180:14-17.
38. Davidson F, Oates JK. The pill does not cause ‘thrush’. Br J Obstet Gynaecol Dec 1985;92:1265-1266.
39. Abbott J. Clinical and microscopic diagnosis of vaginal yeast infection: a prospective analysis. Ann Emerg Med 1995;25:587-591.
40. Horowitz BJ, Giaquinta D, Ito S. Evolving pathogens in vulvovaginal candidiasis: implications for patient care. J Clin Pharmacol 1992;32:248-255.
41. Spinillo A, Capuzzo E, Gulminetti R, Marone P, Colonna L, Piazzi G. Prevalence of and risk factors for fungal vaginitis caused by non-albicans species. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997;176:138-141.
42. Reed BD, Pierson CL. Evaluation of a latex agglutination test for the identification of Candida species in vaginal discharge. J Am Board Fam Pract 1992;5:375-380.
43. Ferris DG, Hendrich J, Payne PM, et al. Office laboratoAE_French.1004.final 9/20/04 3:18 PM Page 813 ry diagnosis of vaginitis. Clinician-performed tests compared with a rapid nucleic acid hybridization test. J Fam Pract 1995;41:575-581.
44. Bergman JJ, Berg AO, Schneeweiss R, Heidrich FE. Clinical comparison of microscopic and culture techniques in the diagnosis of Candida vaginitis. J Fam Pract 1984;18:549-552.
45. Sobel JD. Vulvovaginitis due to Candida glabrata. An emerging problem. Mycoses. 1998;41:Suppl 2:18-22.
46. Zdolsek B, Hellberg D, Froman G, Nilsson S, Mardh PA. Culture and wet smear microscopy in the diagnosis of low-symptomatic vulvovaginal candidosis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1995;58:47-51.
47. Lossick JG, Kent HL. Trichomoniasis: trends in diagnosis and management. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1991;165:1217-1222.
48. Kent HL. Epidemiology of vaginitis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1991;165:1168-1176.
49. Laga M, Manoka A, Kivuvu M, et al. Non-ulcerative sexually transmitted diseases as risk factors for HIV-1 transmission in women: results from a cohort study. AIDS 1993;7:95-102.
50. Krieger JN, Tam MR, Stevens CE, et al. Diagnosis of trichomoniasis. Comparison of conventional wet-mount examination with cytologic studies, cultures, and monoclonal antibody staining of direct specimens. JAMA 1988;259:1223-1227.
51. Krieger JN. Trichomoniasis in men: old issues and new data. Sex Transm Dis 1995;22:83-96.
52. Fouts AC, Kraus SJ. Trichomonas vaginalis: reevaluation of its clinical presentation and laboratory diagnosis. J Infect Dis 1980;141:137-143.
53. Ohlemeyer CL, Hornberger LL, Lynch DA, Swierkosz EM. Diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis in adolescent females: InPouch TV culture versus wet-mount microscopy. J Adolesc Health 1998;22:205-208.
54. Borchardt KA, Smith RF. An evaluation of an InPouch TV culture method for diagnosing Trichomonas vaginalis infection. Genitourin Med 1991;67:149-152.
55. Levi MH, Torres J, Pina C, Klein RS. Comparison of the InPouch TV culture system and Diamond’s modified medium for detection of Trichomonas vaginalis. J Clin Microbiol 1997;35:3308-3310.
56. DeMeo LR, Draper DL, McGregor JA, et al. Evaluation of a deoxyribonucleic acid probe for the detection of Trichomonas vaginalis in vaginal secretions. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996;174:1339-1342.
57. Wiese W, Patel SR, Patel SC, Ohl CA, Estrada CA. A meta-analysis of the Papanicolaou smear and wet mount for the diagnosis of vaginal trichomoniasis. Am J Med 2000;108:301-308.
58. Klebanoff MA, Carey JC, Hauth JC, et al. Failure of metronidazole to prevent preterm delivery among pregnant women with asymptomatic Trichomonas vaginalis infection. N Engl J Med 2001;345:487-493.
59. Kigozi GG, Brahmbhatt H, Wabwire-Mangen F, et al. Treatment of Trichomonas in pregnancy and adverse outcomes of pregnancy: a subanalysis of a randomized trial in Rakai, Uganda. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003;189:1398-1400.
60. Donder GG, Vereecken A, Bosmans E, Dekeersmaecker A, Salembier G, Spitz B. Definition of a type of abnormal vaginal flora that is distinct from bacterial vaginosis: aerobic vaginitis. Bjog 2002;109:34-43.
61. Sobel JD. Desquamative inflammatory vaginitis: a new subgroup of purulent vaginitis responsive to topical 2% clindamycin therapy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1994;171:1215-1220.
62. Demirezen S. Cytolytic vaginosis: examination of 2947 vaginal smears. Cent Eur J Public Health 2003;11:23-24.
63. Wathne B, Holst E, Hovelius B, Mardh PA. Vaginal discharge—comparison of clinical, laboratory and microbiological findings. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1994;73:802-808.
64. Secor RM. Cytolytic vaginosis: a common cause of cyclic vulvovaginitis. Nurse Pract Forum 1992;3:145-148.
65. Oates JK, Rowen D. Desquamative inflammatory vaginitis. A review. Genitourin Med 1990;66:275-279.
66. Pelisse M. The vulvo-vaginal-gingival syndrome. A new form of erosive lichen planus. Int J Dermatol 1989;28:381-384.
67. Ferris DG, Nyirjesy P, Sobel JD, Soper D, Pavletic A, Litaker MS. Over-the-counter antifungal drug misuse associated with patient-diagnosed vulvovaginal candidiasis. Obstet Gynecol 2002;99:419-425.
68. Allen-Davis JT, Beck A, Parker R, Ellis JL, Polley D. Assessment of vulvovaginal complaints: accuracy of telephone triage and in-office diagnosis. Obstet Gynecol 2002;99:18-22.