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Carl R. Darnall Army Medical Center, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Fort Hood, TX scalpelandyardstick@gmail.com
The authors reported no potential conflict of interest relevant to this article.
The views and opinions expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the US Army, Department of Defense, or the US Government.
SABA + SAMA.One combination formulation of the 2 short-term classes of drugs (albuterol [SABA] + ipratropium [SAMA]), US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)–approved for every-6-hour dosing, is available for SMI delivery devices and nebulizers. In the setting of a hospitalized patient who requires more frequent bronchodilator dosing, we use albuterol and ipratropium delivered separately (ie, dosed independently), with ipratropium dosed no more frequently than every 4 hours.
Long-acting agents
The mechanisms of long-acting agents are similar to those of their short-acting counterparts. The recommendation is to continue use of a long-acting bronchodilator during exacerbations, when feasible.1
LABA monotherapy reduces exacerbations that result in hospitalization (number needed to treat [NNT] = 39, to prevent 1 hospitalization in an 8-month period).15 Specifically, formoterol at higher dosages reduces exacerbations requiring hospitalization (NNT = 23, to prevent 1 exacerbation in a 6-month to 3-year period).15 Evidence supports better control of symptoms when a LABA is combined with a long-acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA; discussed shortly).1,15
Adverse effects of LABAs include sinus tachycardia, tachyphylaxis, somatic tremors, and, less commonly, hypokalemia—the latter specific to the LABA dosage and concomitant use of a thiazide diuretic. Other adverse effects include a mild decrease in the partial pressure of O2 and, in patients with heart failure, increased oxygen consumption. Although higher dosages are not associated with an increased incidence of nonfatal adverse events, there appears to be no additional benefit to higher dosages in regard to mortality, particularly in patients with stable COPD.1,15
LAMA.Monotherapy with a LAMA reduces the severity of COPD symptoms and reduces the risk of exacerbations and hospitalization (NNT = 58, to prevent 1 hospitalization in a 3 to 48–month period).16 Tiotropium is superior to LABA as monotherapy in (1) reducing exacerbations (NNT = 33, to prevent 1 exacerbation in a 3 to 12–month period) and (2) being associated with a lower rate of all adverse events.17 LAMAs also confer additional benefit when used in combination with agents of other classes, which we discuss in a bit.
